Jakarta, Kemendikbud --- Program Keahlian Ganda tahap II untuk guru SMK siap dibuka pada Juli 2017. Direktur Jenderal Guru dan Tenaga Kependidikan (Dirjen GTK) Sumarna Surapranata mengatakan, Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan (Kemendikbud) akan membuka rekrutmen Program Keahlian Ganda bagi 15.000 guru normatif yang akan dilatih menjadi guru produktif untuk bidang keahlian prioritas nasional dalam pendidikan vokasi. Rekrutmen ini bisa diikuti guru SMK negeri maupun swasta.
“Ada empat bidang keahlian yang menjadi prioritas sesuai arahan presiden, yaitu bidang maritim atau kelautan, bidang pertanian atau ketahanan pangan, bidang industri kreatif, dan bidang pariwisata,” ujar Dirjen GTK Sumarna Surapranata, di Kantor Kemendikbud, Jakarta, Kamis (27/4/2017).
Pada Program Keahlian Ganda tahap pertama, yaitu tahun 2016, Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan (Kemendikbud) telah menyeleksi 12.741 guru SMK normatif (guru pengampu mata pelajaran wajib, seperti pendidikan kewarganegaraan atau bahasa Indonesia). Saat ini mereka sedang menjalani pelatihan sebagai guru SMK produktif, yaitu guru pengampu mata pelajaran bidang keahlian. Program Keahlian Ganda merupakan langkah strategis Kemendikbud untuk mengatasi masalah kekurangan guru produktif di SMK.
Dirjen GTK Sumarna Surapranata menuturkan, Kemendikbud sudah melakukan pemetaan mengenai kekurangan jumlah guru produktif, termasuk bidang keahlian yang dibutuhkan. Berdasarkan data per tahun 2016, Indonesia memiliki kekurangan guru SMK produktif sebanyak 91.861 guru. Program Keahlian Ganda tahap pertama lalu berhasil menyeleksi 12.741 guru, dan akan bertambah 15.000 di tahap kedua pada tahun ini. Untuk Program Keahlian Ganda tahap II, ada 53 bidang keahlian yang bisa dipilih calon peserta Program Keahlian Ganda.
“Jadi 53 bidang keahlian tersebut adalah bidang keahlian yang termasuk di dalam empat bidang prioritas tadi,” kata pria yang akrab disapa dengan panggilan Pranata itu.
Pranata mengatakan, melalui Program Keahlian Ganda, guru normatif bisa mendapatkan sertifikat keahlian sebagai guru produktif. Mereka akan mengikuti pelatihan yang dibagi menjadi lima tahap, sebelum mendapatkan sertifikat keahlian. Sertifikat tersebut dikeluarkan oleh Lembaga Sertifikasi Profesi (LSP) yang telah mendapatkan lisensi dari Badan Nasional Sertifikasi Profesi (BNSP).
Ada lima tahap yang akan dijalani peserta Program Keahlian Ganda, yaitu ON-1, IN-1, ON-2, IN-2, dan magang kerja industri. Di tahap ON-1, selama 12 minggu peserta akan diberikan materi pengenalan dasar kompetensi kejuruan, dan belajar mandiri dengan modul. Pada tahap IN-1, selama delapan minggu peserta akan diberi materi penyusunan perangkat pembelajaran dan penguatan materi melalui modul. Lalu pada tahap ON-2, selama 12 minggu peserta akan magang mengajar sebagai guru produktif di kelas (SMK), dan di bengkel atau laboratorium, sekaligus belajar mandiri melalui modul. Kemudian selama dua minggu di tahap IN-2, peserta akan menerima penguatan materi, penajaman kompetensi keahlian dan uji kompetensi oleh LSP. Terakhir, peserta akan menjalani magang kerja di industri selama dua bulan.
Pranata pun menegaskan, dengan mengikuti Program Keahlian Ganda, guru yang telah tersertifikasi sebagai guru normatif tidak akan kehilangan tunjangan profesinya. “Orang yang mengikuti Program Keahlian Ganda, tunjangannya tidak akan dicabut, tetap dapat. Banyak yang masih salah paham soal ini,” ujarnya. Selain itu, ia menambahkan, ada beberapa manfaat yang bisa diambil guru yang mengikuti Program Keahlian Ganda, antara lain bisa membantu guru tersebut memenuhi jam mengajar karena telah memiliki keahlian. Bagi guru sekolah swasta bahkan bisa menjadi peluang untuk membuka program keahlian baru di SMK tempat asalnya mengajar.
History of the Indian Temple Building
Types of stone architecture. There are two types of stone architecture, Rock cut. Rock-cut architecture is made by carving into natural rock. Usually hewn into the sides of mountain ridges, rockcut structures are made by excavating rock until the desired forms are achieved.Stone built. The focus of this guidebook, stone-built architecture, on the other hand, involves assembling cut stone pieces to form a whole. Buddhism gets the ball rolling.
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The first stone architecture in India was rock cut and executed by Buddhist monks; prior to these structures, all architecture had been made of wood. The most impressive examples were rock-cut religious sanctuaries, excavated directly out of the basalt mountains lining the western edge of the Deccan Plateau, the elevated, v-shaped landmass that comprises most of the Indian peninsula. The caves at Ajanta - as well as those at nearby Bedsa, Bhaja, Karla, Kondane, Nashik, and Pitalkhora - were part of this initial wave of excavations.
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Inspiration for India's rock architecture Early Buddhist architecture was likely indirectly inspired by that of the Egyptians. The Egyptians were probably the first civilization in the world to construct stone architecture; they began with stone-built pyramids in the 27th century BCE (Djoser's Step Pyramid in Saqqara) and continued with rock-cut tombs in the 16th century BCE (Valley of the Kings in Luxor).
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At the same time, similar stone-built pyramids, called ziggurats, were being built not too far away in Mesopotamia (modern day Iran and Iraq); the earliest probably date from the late part of Sumeria's Early Dynastic period (2900-2350 BCE). The ziggurat pyramid design, however, was never transformed from stepped to smooth edged, as was the case in Egypt.
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- Egyptian and Mesopotamian forms and building practices were borrowed by the Persians, who embraced rock-cut architecture. In fact, the royal tombs of Darius (522 BCE to 486 BCE) and the rest of the Old Persian (Achaemenid) Empire were rock cut; they are located just outside of the ancient city of Persepolis in modern-day Iran. Most likely drawing on Persian precedent, India's earliest stone architects commenced building rock-cut architecture in the 3rd-2nd centuries BCE. These architects adapted Persian forms - infusing them with local design preferences derived from their existing wood-based architecture and introducing entirely new features to suit their unique religious practices - to create rock caves with an entirely new aesthetic.
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Why were the Buddhists the first to build in stone? It appears that the Buddhists just happened to have the support of rulers and rich merchants during the critical period in which Persian rock-cut architectural practices began to trickle into the subcontinent. Keep in mind, although the Buddhist faith was founded in India in the 6th century BCE, it did not gain widespread adoption until it received imperial sponsorship by the powerful Mauryan Emperor, Ashoka, who converted to Buddhism and ruled most of the Indian subcontinent from 269-232 BCE. The faith garnered subsequent momentum as a rising merchant class were attracted to Buddhism.
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