PEMBAHASAN
1. Sejarah Singkat Bola Kasti
Olahraga kasti ini adalah olahraga masyarakat, dimana masyarakat melakukannya pada waktu senggang atau waktu lowong, terutama oleh anak atau murid sekolah. Olahraga ini termasuk olahraga tradisional yang juga banyak diminati anak-anak remaja karena dalam permainan kasti meningkatkan ketangkasan dan kekompakan regu atau pemain. Sehingga melalui permainan kasti dapat menjalin hubungan persahabatan dan kerjasama yang baik. Biasanya permainan bola kasti kebanyakan dilakukan pada waktu sore hari dan kegiatan bola kasti dapat dilakukan oleh siapapun.
Kasti atau Gebokan merupakan sejenis olahraga bola. Permainan yang dilakukan 2 kelompok ini menggunakan bola tenis sebagai alat untuk menembak lawan dan tumpukan batu untuk disusun. Siapapun yang berhasil menumpuk batu tersebut dengan cepat tanpa terkena pukulan bola adalah kelompok yang memenangkan permainan. Pada awal permainan, ditentukan dahulu kelompok mana yang akan menjadi penjaga awal dan kelompok yang dikejar dengan suit.
2.Teknik Dasar Permainan Kasti
Agar dapat bermain kasti dengan baik kita dituntut menguasai teknik dasar bermain kasti. Adapun teknik dasar permainan kasti ada 3, yaitu teknik melempar, menangkap, dan memukul bola.
a.Teknik Melempar Bola
1) Melempar Bola Menyusur Tanah
Cara melakukan:
- Bola dipegang pada pangkal ruas jari tangan
- Posisi badan membungkuk
- Ayunan lengan belakang ke depan melalui bawah
- Bola dilempar menyusur tanah ke sasaran
2) Melempar Bola Mendatar
Cara melakukan:
- Bola dipegang pada pangkal ruas jari tangan, diantara jari telunjuk, jari tengah, dan jari manis. Sedangkan jari kelingking dan ibu jari mengontrol bola agar tidak jatuh
- Badan condong ke belakang, ayunan lengan dari bawah ke atas
- Bola dilempar mendatar setinggi dada ke arah sasaran
3) Melempar Bola Melambung
Cara melakukan:
- Bola dipegang pada pangkal ruas jari tangan, diantara jari telunjuk, jari tengah, dan jari manis. Sedangkan jari kelingking dan ibu jari mengontrol bola agar tidak jatuh
- Badan condong ke belakang, ayunan lengan dari bawah ke atas
- Melempar dengan tangan terkuat. Apabila melempar dengan tangan kanan, maka kaki kiri berada di depan, begitu sebaliknya.
- Bola dilempar melambung diikuti gerakan lanjutan dengan melangkahkan kaki k;belakang ke depan.
- Pandangan mata ke arah sasaran lemparan
4)Melempar Bola Memantul Tanah
Cara melakukan:
- Posisi kaki ditekuk dan badan condong ke depan
- Ayunan lengan ke arah depan bawah
- Bola dilempar memantul tanah ke sasaran
b. Teknik Menangkap Bola
Teknik menangkap bola kasti ada 4 macam, yaitu:
1) Menangkap Bola Mendatar
2) Menangkap Bola Melambung
3) Menangkap Bola Menyusur Tanah
4) Menangkap Bola Memantul Tanah
Cara melakukan 4 teknik ini pada dasarnya sama, yaitu
- Pandangan mata tertuju pada arah datangnya bola
- Menangkap dengan kedua tangan dengan kedua telapak tangan dibuka membentuk setengah bola
- Saat perkenaan bola pertama dengan telapak tangan, diikuti sedikit tarikan tangan ke belakang.
c.Teknik Melambungkan Bola
Teknik melambungkan bola digunakan untuk memberikan umpan yang baik kepada pemukul.
Cara melakukan:
- Berdiri tegak. Jika melempar dengan tangan kanan, maka kaki kanan berada di depan
- Bola dipegang dengan tangan kanan di depan paha kanan
- Badan condong ke depan
- Putar lengan kanan (yang memegang bola) ke belakang 360°
- Langkahkan kaki kiri ke depan, ayunkan lengan ke depan dan lepaskan bola saat berada di samping paha kanan disertai lecutan pergelangan tangan
d.Teknik Memukul Bola
Cara melakukan:
- Pegang alat pemukul di bagian yang lebih kecil dengan satu tangan
- Berdiri menyamping sehingga pelambung berada di samping kiri pemukul
- Kedua kaki dibuka selebar bahu
- Letakkan alat pemukul di atas bahu sebelah kanan dengan siku tangan yang memegang alat pemukul ditekuk
- Pandangan ke arah pelambung dan datangnya bola
- Ayunkan alat pemukul dengan meluruskan siku disertai lecutan pergelangan tangan saat bola dalam jangkauan pukulan
- Diikuti gerakan lanjutan dengan melangkahkan kaki belakang ke depan
Teknik memukul bola ada 4 macam, yaitu:
1) Memukul Bola Mendatar
2) Memukul Bola Melambung
3) Memukul Bola Memantul Tanah
3.Peraturan permainan
1) Jumlah Pemain
Jumlah pemain kasti tiap regu adalah 12 orang, dengan salah satu pemain bertindak sebagai kapten. Setiap pemain wajib mengenakan nomor dada dari 1 sampai 2.
2) Waktu Permainan
Waktu permainan dilakukan dalam 2 babak. Tiap-tiap babak 20 – 30 menit. Diantara tiap babak diberikan istirahat 15 menit.
3) Wasit
Pertandingan kasti dipimpin oleh seorang wasit dibantu 3 orang penjaga garis dan 1 orang pencatat waktu.
4) Regu Pemukul
- Setiap pemain berhak memukul satu kali, kecuali pemain terakhir berhak memukul sampai 3 kali.
- Sesedah memukul, alat pemukul harus diletakkan di dalam ruang pemukul. Apabila alat pemukul diletakkan di luar, maka pemain tersebut tidak mendapatkan nilai, kecuali jika ia segera meletakkannya di dalam ruang pemukul.
- Pukulan dinyatakan benar apabila bola yang dipukul melampaui garis pukul, tidak jatuh di ruang bebas, dan tidak mengenai tangan pemukul.
5) Regu Penjaga
Regu penjaga bertugas:
- Mematikan lawan dengan cara melemparkan bola ke pemukul atau menangkap langsung bola yang dipukul melambung oleh regu pemukul.
- Membakar ruang bebas dengan cara menempati ruang bebas jika kosong.
6) Pelambung
Pelambung bertugas:
- Melambungkan bola sesuai permintaan pemukul
- Jika bola yang dilambungkan oleh pelambung tidak sesuai dengan permintaan pemukul, maka pemukul boleh untuk tidak memukulnya. Jika ini terjadi sampai 3 kali berturut-turut maka pemukul dapat berlari bebas ke tiang pemberhentian pertama.
7) Pergantian Tempat
Pergantian tempat antara regu pemukul dan regu penjaga terjadi apabila:
- Salah seorang regu pemukul terkena lemparan bola
- Bola pukulan regu pemukul ditangkap langsung oleh regu penjaga sebanyak 3 kali berturut-turut.
- Alat pemukul lepas ketika memukul
8) Cara Mendapatkan Nilai
- Pemain berhasil memukul bola, kemudian lari ke pemberhentian I, II, III, dan ruang bebas secara bertahap, mendapat nilai 1.
- Pemain berhasil berlari melewati tiang-tiang pemberhentian dan kembali ke ruang bebas atas pukulannya sendiri, mendapat nilai 2.
- Regu penjaga menangkap langsung bola lambung yang dipukul oleh regu pemukul, mendapat nilai 1.
- Regu yang mendapatkan nilai paling banyak dinyatakan sebagai pemenang.
Daftar Pustaka
makalahinyong.blogspot.com
History of the Indian Temple Building
Types of stone architecture. There are two types of stone architecture, Rock cut. Rock-cut architecture is made by carving into natural rock. Usually hewn into the sides of mountain ridges, rockcut structures are made by excavating rock until the desired forms are achieved.Stone built. The focus of this guidebook, stone-built architecture, on the other hand, involves assembling cut stone pieces to form a whole. Buddhism gets the ball rolling.
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The first stone architecture in India was rock cut and executed by Buddhist monks; prior to these structures, all architecture had been made of wood. The most impressive examples were rock-cut religious sanctuaries, excavated directly out of the basalt mountains lining the western edge of the Deccan Plateau, the elevated, v-shaped landmass that comprises most of the Indian peninsula. The caves at Ajanta - as well as those at nearby Bedsa, Bhaja, Karla, Kondane, Nashik, and Pitalkhora - were part of this initial wave of excavations.
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Inspiration for India's rock architecture Early Buddhist architecture was likely indirectly inspired by that of the Egyptians. The Egyptians were probably the first civilization in the world to construct stone architecture; they began with stone-built pyramids in the 27th century BCE (Djoser's Step Pyramid in Saqqara) and continued with rock-cut tombs in the 16th century BCE (Valley of the Kings in Luxor).
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At the same time, similar stone-built pyramids, called ziggurats, were being built not too far away in Mesopotamia (modern day Iran and Iraq); the earliest probably date from the late part of Sumeria's Early Dynastic period (2900-2350 BCE). The ziggurat pyramid design, however, was never transformed from stepped to smooth edged, as was the case in Egypt.
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- Egyptian and Mesopotamian forms and building practices were borrowed by the Persians, who embraced rock-cut architecture. In fact, the royal tombs of Darius (522 BCE to 486 BCE) and the rest of the Old Persian (Achaemenid) Empire were rock cut; they are located just outside of the ancient city of Persepolis in modern-day Iran. Most likely drawing on Persian precedent, India's earliest stone architects commenced building rock-cut architecture in the 3rd-2nd centuries BCE. These architects adapted Persian forms - infusing them with local design preferences derived from their existing wood-based architecture and introducing entirely new features to suit their unique religious practices - to create rock caves with an entirely new aesthetic.
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Why were the Buddhists the first to build in stone? It appears that the Buddhists just happened to have the support of rulers and rich merchants during the critical period in which Persian rock-cut architectural practices began to trickle into the subcontinent. Keep in mind, although the Buddhist faith was founded in India in the 6th century BCE, it did not gain widespread adoption until it received imperial sponsorship by the powerful Mauryan Emperor, Ashoka, who converted to Buddhism and ruled most of the Indian subcontinent from 269-232 BCE. The faith garnered subsequent momentum as a rising merchant class were attracted to Buddhism.
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