BAB III
PEMBAHASAN
A. Masalah Mendasar Pendidikan di Indonesia
Bagi orang-orang yang berkompeten terhadap bidang pendidikan akan menyadari bahwa dunia pendidikan kita sampai saat ini masih mengalami “sakit”. Dunia pendidikan yang “sakit” ini disebabkan karena pendidikan yang seharusnya membuat manusia menjadi manusia, tetapi dalam kenyataannya seringkali tidak begitu. Seringkali pendidikan tidak memanusiakan manusia. Kepribadian manusia cenderung direduksi oleh sistem pendidikan yang ada.
Masalah pertama adalah bahwa pendidikan, khususnya di Indonesia, menghasilkan “manusia robot”. Kami katakan demikian karena pendidikan yang diberikan ternyata berat sebelah, dengan kata lain tidak seimbang. Pendidikan ternyata mengorbankan keutuhan, kurang seimbang antara belajar yang berpikir (kognitif) dan perilaku belajar yang merasa (afektif). Jadi unsur integrasi cenderung semakin hilang, yang terjadi adalah disintegrasi. Padahal belajar tidak hanya berfikir. Sebab ketika orang sedang belajar, maka orang yang sedang belajar tersebut melakukan berbagai macam kegiatan, seperti mengamati, membandingkan, meragukan, menyukai, semangat dan sebagainya. Hal yang sering disinyalir ialah pendidikan seringkali dipraktekkan sebagai sederetan instruksi dari guru kepada murid. Apalagi dengan istilah yang sekarang sering digembar-gemborkan sebagai “pendidikan yang menciptakan manusia siap pakai. Dan “siap pakai” di sini berarti menghasilkan tenaga-tenaga yang dibutuhkan dalam pengembangan dan persaingan bidang industri dan teknologi. Memperhatikan secara kritis hal tersebut, akan nampak bahwa dalam hal ini manusia dipandang sama seperti bahan atau komponen pendukung industri. Itu berarti, lembaga pendidikan diharapkan mampu menjadi lembaga produksi sebagai penghasil bahan atau komponen dengan kualitas tertentu yang dituntut pasar. Kenyataan ini nampaknya justru disambut dengan antusias oleh banyak lembaga pendidikan.
Masalah kedua adalah sistem pendidikan yang top-down (dari atas ke bawah) atau kalau menggunakan istilah Paulo Freire (seorang tokoh pendidik dari Amerika Latin) adalah pendidikan gaya bank. Sistem pendidikan ini sangat tidak membebaskan karena para peserta didik (murid) dianggap manusia-manusia yang tidak tahu apa-apa. Guru sebagai pemberi mengarahkan kepada murid-murid untuk menghafal secara mekanis apa isi pelajaran yang diceritakan. Guru sebagai pengisi dan murid sebagai yang diisi. Otak murid dipandang sebagai safe deposit box, dimana pengetahuan dari guru ditransfer kedalam otak murid dan bila sewaktu-waktu diperlukan, pengetahuan tersebut tinggal diambil saja. Murid hanya menampung apa saja yang disampaikan guru.
Jadi hubungannya adalah guru sebagai subyek dan murid sebagai obyek. Model pendidikan ini tidak membebaskan karena sangat menindas para murid. Freire mengatakan bahwa dalam pendidikan gaya bank pengetahuan merupakan sebuah anugerah yang dihibahkan oleh mereka yang menganggap dirinya berpengetahuan kepada mereka yang dianggap tidak mempunyai pengetahuan apa-apa.
Yang ketiga, dari model pendidikan yang demikian maka manusia yang dihasilkan pendidikan ini hanya siap untuk memenuhi kebutuhan zaman dan bukannya bersikap kritis terhadap zamannya. Manusia sebagai objek (yang adalah wujud dari dehumanisasi) merupakan fenomena yang justru bertolak belakang dengan visi humanisasi, menyebabkan manusia tercerabut dari akar-akar budayanya (seperti di dunia Timur/Asia). Bukankah kita telah sama-sama melihat bagaimana kaum muda zaman ini begitu gandrung dengan hal-hal yang berbau Barat? Oleh karena itu strategi pendidikan di Indonesia harus terlebur dalam “strategi kebudayaan Asia”, sebab Asia kini telah berkembang sebagai salah satu kawasan penentu yang strategis dalam bidang ekonomi, sosial, budaya bahkan politik internasional. Bukan bermaksud anti-Barat kalau hal ini penulis kemukakan. Melainkan justru hendak mengajak kita semua untuk melihat kenyataan ini sebagai sebuah tantangan bagi dunia pendidikan kita. Mampukah kita menjadikan lembaga pendidikan sebagai sarana interaksi kultural untuk membentuk manusia yang sadar akan tradisi dan kebudayaan serta keberadaan masyarakatnya sekaligus juga mampu menerima dan menghargai keberadaan tradisi, budaya dan situasi masyarakat lain? Dalam hal ini, makna pendidikan menurut Ki Hajar Dewantara menjadi sangat relevan untuk direnungkan.
Lanjutan Makalah http://goo.gl/azpdB2
History of the Indian Temple Building
Types of stone architecture. There are two types of stone architecture, Rock cut. Rock-cut architecture is made by carving into natural rock. Usually hewn into the sides of mountain ridges, rockcut structures are made by excavating rock until the desired forms are achieved.Stone built. The focus of this guidebook, stone-built architecture, on the other hand, involves assembling cut stone pieces to form a whole. Buddhism gets the ball rolling.
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The first stone architecture in India was rock cut and executed by Buddhist monks; prior to these structures, all architecture had been made of wood. The most impressive examples were rock-cut religious sanctuaries, excavated directly out of the basalt mountains lining the western edge of the Deccan Plateau, the elevated, v-shaped landmass that comprises most of the Indian peninsula. The caves at Ajanta - as well as those at nearby Bedsa, Bhaja, Karla, Kondane, Nashik, and Pitalkhora - were part of this initial wave of excavations.
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Inspiration for India's rock architecture Early Buddhist architecture was likely indirectly inspired by that of the Egyptians. The Egyptians were probably the first civilization in the world to construct stone architecture; they began with stone-built pyramids in the 27th century BCE (Djoser's Step Pyramid in Saqqara) and continued with rock-cut tombs in the 16th century BCE (Valley of the Kings in Luxor).
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At the same time, similar stone-built pyramids, called ziggurats, were being built not too far away in Mesopotamia (modern day Iran and Iraq); the earliest probably date from the late part of Sumeria's Early Dynastic period (2900-2350 BCE). The ziggurat pyramid design, however, was never transformed from stepped to smooth edged, as was the case in Egypt.
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- Egyptian and Mesopotamian forms and building practices were borrowed by the Persians, who embraced rock-cut architecture. In fact, the royal tombs of Darius (522 BCE to 486 BCE) and the rest of the Old Persian (Achaemenid) Empire were rock cut; they are located just outside of the ancient city of Persepolis in modern-day Iran. Most likely drawing on Persian precedent, India's earliest stone architects commenced building rock-cut architecture in the 3rd-2nd centuries BCE. These architects adapted Persian forms - infusing them with local design preferences derived from their existing wood-based architecture and introducing entirely new features to suit their unique religious practices - to create rock caves with an entirely new aesthetic.
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Why were the Buddhists the first to build in stone? It appears that the Buddhists just happened to have the support of rulers and rich merchants during the critical period in which Persian rock-cut architectural practices began to trickle into the subcontinent. Keep in mind, although the Buddhist faith was founded in India in the 6th century BCE, it did not gain widespread adoption until it received imperial sponsorship by the powerful Mauryan Emperor, Ashoka, who converted to Buddhism and ruled most of the Indian subcontinent from 269-232 BCE. The faith garnered subsequent momentum as a rising merchant class were attracted to Buddhism.
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